There are various different views within virtue ethics about what the exact nature and meaningof the virtues is, and there are sometheorists whotakeinspiration for their theories from Plato and other ancients. Whereas, consequentialism focuses on the consequences of the action. (1) Note here that my specification of morally good is somewhat atypical in how it describesconsequentialism. Compared to the sheer amount of innovation that has taken place in the private sector, from J.D. Rationality is acting in accordance with ones reasoning to the best of ones ability. Kants and Rosss ethical theories are both deontological theories that focus on the general obligations of the agent as a moral agent. Their total combined production would have been greater. I cant seem to find the About the Author link anywhere on the page. Modern virtue ethics got its start when Elizabeth Anscombe wrote her article, Modern Moral Philosophy in 1958. Food is not valuable in itself, apart from the needs of the hungry person. 0000002552 00000 n Web* Consequentialism the ethical theory that Morality must be measured by the consequences of our behavior, rather than our actual intentions and motivations for doing it. So he cant really enjoy the material comforts he has acquired. (Ayn Rand, The Objectivist Ethics in The Virtue of Selfishness, p. 23). Also very helpful in making the case for her philosophy would be Metaethics, Egoism and Virtue, as well as Concepts and Their Role in Knowledge. In the practice of indulging in pleasures, temperance is the right amount of indulgence, where licentiousness is too much and insensibility is too little. Other qualities that Aristotle considers virtues, include truthfulness, magnanimity, modesty, and pride. If we also switch act consequentialism for virtue consequentialism, we get a category we could call Virtue Utility Egoism. The ancient Greek philosopher Epicurus would fit into this category rather nicely, since he regarded the pleasure of the agent as the good, and virtue as instrumental to that pleasure. However, Deontology judges morality based on the actions themselves, while Consequentialism judges morality based on the end reaction. The action must be performed not merely according to duty, but from duty. In a free market, there are always other routes to the pursuit of the individuals abstract goals. WebThe main difference between deontology and consequentialism is that deontology focuses on the rightness or wrongness of actions themselves. The main proponent of this sort of theory has been Alasdair MacIntyre. One should do things that improve ones ability to reason, such as gaining knowledge and learning how to think. The main difference between deontology and consequentialism is that deontology focuses on the rightness or wrongness of actions themselves. Furthermore, the more good results an act produces, the better or more right that act will be. He wants to initiate force in a society, and he counts on others ignorance of his coercive actions to enable him to continue doing it. WebDeontology is the complete opposite of consequentialism. Deontologists state that the right action performed or the state of affairs that led to the right action are good, while the fact that the action was done in accordance with the set rules is right. The impact on the victims mind and life is much less, but still present. We saw that consequentialism divides ethics into a theory of good consequences and a theory of right action, with right action taken as the means to the good consequences. These forms can, however, all be attributed to Kant, although they differ in various ways (Alexander & Moore, 2016, section 2.4). The theory takes root from utilitarianism, and stresses on the fact that the morality of an action depends on its consequences. When Kant says "Act only according to that maxim whereby you can, at the same time, will that it should become a universal law", he avoids the question: "why do I will that some maxims should become universal laws but not others?". To follow the set rules and regulations can be one of the weaknesses and strengths of deontology. 0000004420 00000 n The paragraphs below explain the differences between these three theories with examples. While the above concepts exhibit certain criteria for morality, the truth is, moral conduct widely depends on circumstances, which is probably why the clich it was all in the moment is actually true. pursuit of objective values) on the basis of thought, is the foundation of an objective account of human happiness, in Objectivism. Instead of focusing primarily on the consequences of actions or duty fulfillment, virtue ethics takes virtuesqualities of moral characteras fundamental to the ethical life. These forms can, however, all be attributed to Kant, although they differ in various ways (Alexander & Moore, 2016, section 2.4). 4 min read. So he is driven to build up a personal mythology that paints him as superhuman and infallible, heedless of the actual facts of his life. If she tried to spend equal time with both, when she is better matched with one, she would be committing a self-sacrifice, causing herself to suffer deep frustration. Deontological is an approach to ethics that focuses on the rightness or wrongness of actions themselves, instead of examining its consequences or any other considerations. In deontological approach, outcomes/consequences may not just justify the means to achieve it while in utilitarian approach; outcomes determine the means and greatest benefit expected for the greatest number. So what do principles of morality guide action in achieving? (8), Moral principles are the principles that apply to all freely chosen actions as such, not just actions in the particular field of applied physics, or of music composition, or of applied psychology. Thus, this theory simply requires people to follow rules and do their duty. The initiator of force must pursue the opposite of self-interest: a growing obsession with the minds and lives of others. Hi can you kindly send the references for your work above. To understand why this is not the casewhy OEE is not a form of consequentialism at allwe have to look at the nature of consequentialism and the specific nature of the good that OEEaims at: the agents own life. The Greek term for such a virtue or excellence of character is arete, and this term is still sometimes used by virtue ethicists today. He has a desperate need to convince everyone around him that hes special and that no one else could rule the country as he can, because he needs to prevent others from gainingsupport to replace him. Those acts that could be seen to violate the Categorical Imperative were morally prohibited, regardless of any good consequences that might be gained from committing them, or any bad consequences that might be avoided by committing them. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. Deontology and consequentialism are two contrasting, normative ethical theories that determine the CU also takes the actual consequences for net utility as the morally relevant kind, rather than probable, foreseen, or intended consequences at the time of the action. It is good for everyone in a society when the government protects everyones rights equally. A persons morality may be judged on a number of factors. OEE was developed by Ayn Rand, and further explicated by philosophers such as Leonard Peikoff, Harry Binswanger, Tara Smith, Darryl Wright, Allan Gotthelf and Gregory Salmieri. Thus he depends on his victims irrationality to stay in power, and not be imprisoned or killed. Deontology and consequentialism are in constant confrontation and assess actions benefits and rationality from different angles. In OEE, the agent acts at one point in time to create capacities, favorable circumstances and opportunities for other actions at later points in time. What is eudaimonia? OEE accepts no categorical imperatives; all of its principles of action are founded on their contribution to the achievement of values (goals) in the lives of individuals. His efforts and plans have largely been put into controlling and exploiting the slave, rather than developing knowledge, skills and techniques to survive on his own. This would generate a theory we could call Classic Utility Egoism.(As well see in more detail, this form of egoism is very different from Objectivist Ethical Egoism.). Virtue ethics, on the other hand, is considered more of a normative ethical theory. Furthermore, consequentialism is often contrasted with deontology as well as virtue ethics. OEE is Ayn Rands highly distinctive theory that is widely misinterpreted by academic philosophers and the general public. Thus their judgments become impotent in this respect and they are both worse off. (SeeValues Are Relational, But Not Subjective for a more detailed explanation of this point.). Is it all humans? OEE arises in the context of the whole fundamental philosophy that is Objectivism: that is, the Objectivist metaphysics and epistemology. Etc. Every major aspect of his existence is dictated by the force of agents of the government. Virtue ethics, on the other hand, is considered more of a normative ethical theory. 0000000016 00000 n (8) Coercion, in the Objectivist usage, specifically means physical force or the threat of physical force by one or more persons. From a neutral perspective, however, it would be better to tell him the truth, despite the fact that it might be considered cruel for many, because he would at least get a chance to say goodbye, to do the things he hadnt done so far. As to his neighbors, his rights impose no obligations on them except of a negative kind: to abstain from violating his rights. @NelsonAlexander I think "rule utilitarianism" is very much compatible with deontic ethics. Shes ambitious in her coursework, she doesnt try to skate by with the minimum, and she doesnt apologize for her excellence to others who may resent her for making them look bad. So she demonstratespride. Or is it the consequences that the acting person (the agent) actuallyforesaw at the time he acted? Overall, Kantian The paragraphs below explain the differences between these three theories with examples. It could be said that both theories arrive at the same conclusion but through the way of different paths. The applicability of the virtues, as with all of morality, depends on an individual making the choice to live, in some form, explicit or implicit. Their development does not require the suffering or immorality of anyone else, so they are not developed at anyone elses expense. Lets say theres a young woman who has studied Objectivism and who wants to become an architect. It was edited by Allan Gotthelf and Gregory Salmieri, and is available, at least in electronic form, in the vast majority of academic libraries. (Please note here that intellectual goals can serve ones life in very indirect ways, as in many cases of increasing ones knowledge of highly abstract, theoretical topics.) WebConsequentialism is the theory and/or idea that the morality should be judged on the actions overall outcome or consequences. Overall, Kantian In order to keep the slaves in line, the society must inculcate a false ideology that says that some humans are superior by birth to others: some have rights, while others do not. (These different sorts of consequences could be called different epistemic statuses.). They could have cooperated, traded goods, developed a friendly relationship and shared knowledge, with both men better off for having done so. Are there any philosophers who defend this more "compatibilistic" view? If someone wants to work, but doesnt have the skills to justify a wage at or above the minimum, then the government prevents them from accepting a job at a wage an employer will pay. In this case, it ismostly overt ideological propaganda, rather than covertdeception. Both theories judge morality. 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